Ferential transcriptional regulation by human immunodeficiency virus form 1 and gp120 in human astrocytes. J Neurovirol 9: 358371. 12. Bagasra O, Lavi E, Bobroski L, Khalili K, Pestaner JP, et al. Cellular reservoirs of HIV-1 within the central nervous technique of infected individuals: identification by the combination of in situ polymerase chain reaction and Epigenetic Reader Domain immunohistochemistry. AIDS 10: 573585. 13. Ranki A, Nyberg M, Ovod V, Epigenetic Reader Domain Haltia M, Elovaara I, et al. Abundant expression of HIV Nef and Rev proteins in brain astrocytes in vivo is linked to dementia. AIDS 9: 10011008. 14. Gorry P, Purcell D, Howard J, McPhee D Restricted HIV-1 infection of human astrocytes: potential function of nef within the regulation of virus replication. J Neurovirol 4: 377386. 15. Gorry PR, Howard JL, Churchill MJ, Anderson JL, Cunningham A, et al. Diminished production of human immunodeficiency virus kind 1 in astrocytes final results from inefficient translation of gag, env, and nef mRNAs despite efficient expression of Tat and Rev. J Virol 73: 352361. 16. Shahabuddin M, Volsky B, Kim H, Sakai K, Volsky DJ Regulated expression of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in human glial cells: induction of dormant virus. Pathobiology 60: 195205. 17. Swingler S, Easton A, Morris A Cytokine augmentation of HIV-1 LTRdriven gene expression in neural cells. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses eight: 487493. 18. Sabri F, Tresoldi E, Di Stefano M, Polo S, Monaco MC, et al. Nonproductive human immunodeficiency virus form 1 infection of human fetal astrocytes: independence from CD4 and main chemokine receptors. Virology 264: 370384. 19. Ma M, Geiger JD, Nath A Characterization of a novel binding web page for the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope protein gp120 on human fetal astrocytes. J Virol 68: 68246828. 20. Canki M, Thai JN, Chao W, Ghorpade A, Potash MJ, et al. Hugely productive infection with pseudotyped human immunodeficiency virus kind 1 indicates no intracellular restrictions to HIV-1 replication in primary human astrocytes. J Virol 75: 79257933. 21. Schweighardt B, Atwood WJ HIV sort 1 infection of human astrocytes is restricted by inefficient viral entry. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 17: 11331142. 22. Ludwig E, Silberstein FC, van Empel J, Erfle V, Neumann M, et al. Diminished rev-mediated stimulation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protein synthesis is actually a hallmark of human astrocytes. J Virol 73: 82798289. 23. Neumann M, Felber BK, Kleinschmidt A, Froese B, Erfle V, et al. Restriction of human immunodeficiency virus sort 1 production inside a human astrocytoma cell line is connected with a cellular block in Rev function. J Virol 69: 21592167. 24. Ong CL, Thorpe JC, Gorry PR, Bannwarth S, Jaworowski A, et al. Low TRBP levels help an innate human immunodeficiency virus kind 1 resistance in astrocytes by enhancing the PKR antiviral response. J Virol 79: 1276312772. 25. Cheng-Mayer C, Rutka JT, Rosenblum ML, McHugh T, Stites DP, et al. Human immunodeficiency virus can productively infect cultured human glial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 84: 35263530. 26. Tornatore C, Nath A, Amemiya K, Main EO Persistent human immunodeficiency virus kind 1 infection in human fetal glial cells reactivated by T-cell element or by the cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-1 beta. J Virol 65: 60946100. 27. Perelson AS, Neumann AU, Markowitz M, Leonard JM, Ho DD HIV-1 dynamics in vivo: virion clearance price, infected cell life-span, and viral generation time. Science 271: 15821586. 28.Ferential transcriptional regulation by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and gp120 in human astrocytes. J Neurovirol 9: 358371. 12. Bagasra O, Lavi E, Bobroski L, Khalili K, Pestaner JP, et al. Cellular reservoirs of HIV-1 in the central nervous technique of infected individuals: identification by the combination of in situ polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. AIDS ten: 573585. 13. Ranki A, Nyberg M, Ovod V, Haltia M, Elovaara I, et al. Abundant expression of HIV Nef and Rev proteins in brain astrocytes in vivo is associated with dementia. AIDS 9: 10011008. 14. Gorry P, Purcell D, Howard J, McPhee D Restricted HIV-1 infection of human astrocytes: potential role of nef in the regulation of virus replication. J Neurovirol 4: 377386. 15. Gorry PR, Howard JL, Churchill MJ, Anderson JL, Cunningham A, et al. Diminished production of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in astrocytes outcomes from inefficient translation of gag, env, and nef mRNAs despite effective expression of Tat and Rev. J Virol 73: 352361. 16. Shahabuddin M, Volsky B, Kim H, Sakai K, Volsky DJ Regulated expression of human immunodeficiency virus sort 1 in human glial cells: induction of dormant virus. Pathobiology 60: 195205. 17. Swingler S, Easton A, Morris A Cytokine augmentation of HIV-1 LTRdriven gene expression in neural cells. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 8: 487493. 18. Sabri F, Tresoldi E, Di Stefano M, Polo S, Monaco MC, et al. Nonproductive human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection of human fetal astrocytes: independence from CD4 and main chemokine receptors. Virology 264: 370384. 19. Ma M, Geiger JD, Nath A Characterization of a novel binding website for the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope protein gp120 on human fetal astrocytes. J Virol 68: 68246828. 20. Canki M, Thai JN, Chao W, Ghorpade A, Potash MJ, et al. Extremely productive infection with pseudotyped human immunodeficiency virus sort 1 indicates no intracellular restrictions to HIV-1 replication in primary human astrocytes. J Virol 75: 79257933. 21. Schweighardt B, Atwood WJ HIV type 1 infection of human astrocytes is restricted by inefficient viral entry. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 17: 11331142. 22. Ludwig E, Silberstein FC, van Empel J, Erfle V, Neumann M, et al. Diminished rev-mediated stimulation of human immunodeficiency virus form 1 protein synthesis is usually a hallmark of human astrocytes. J Virol 73: 82798289. 23. Neumann M, Felber BK, Kleinschmidt A, Froese B, Erfle V, et al. Restriction of human immunodeficiency virus sort 1 production inside a human astrocytoma cell line is linked to a cellular block in Rev function. J Virol 69: 21592167. 24. Ong CL, Thorpe JC, Gorry PR, Bannwarth S, Jaworowski A, et al. Low TRBP levels assistance an innate human immunodeficiency virus variety 1 resistance in astrocytes by enhancing the PKR antiviral response. J Virol 79: 1276312772. 25. Cheng-Mayer C, Rutka JT, Rosenblum ML, McHugh T, Stites DP, et al. Human immunodeficiency virus can productively infect cultured human glial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 84: 35263530. 26. Tornatore C, Nath A, Amemiya K, Main EO Persistent human immunodeficiency virus form 1 infection in human fetal glial cells reactivated by T-cell factor or by the cytokines tumor necrosis aspect alpha and interleukin-1 beta. J Virol 65: 60946100. 27. Perelson AS, Neumann AU, Markowitz M, Leonard JM, Ho DD HIV-1 dynamics in vivo: virion clearance rate, infected cell life-span, and viral generation time. Science 271: 15821586. 28.