Itacitinib site Ockout mice exhibit several abnormalities and deficiencies, including Nafarelin phenotypic syndromes that result in infertility in both sexes [36]. More importantly, it has been well-documented that Sp1 and ERa synergistically regulate 
down-stream gene expression [32,37?9], and their physical interaction enhances Sp1-DNA binding [33]. Our present data demonstrate that estrogen and ERa synergistically enhanced the MGARP promoter activation by Sp1. These findings provide explanations to our reported observations that MGARP was highly enriched in steroidogenic tissues and the neuronal/visual system and that estrogens up-regulate MGARP expression [4,5,7]. The physiological defects that resulted from targeted disruption of the ER gene [36] may be mediated, at least in part, by the deficiency in ER-Sp1 complex formation and reduction in MGARP expression that may cause aberrant steroid hormone synthesis, ultimately leading to diverse animal abnormalities, especially infertility. Although reporter analysis of these two GC boxes indicated a prominent role for the 150-bp proximal region in MGARPMGARP Is Regulated via Tandem Sp1 ElementsFigure 6. ERa up-regulates the transcription of the MGARP promoter and acts in synergy with Sp1 to activate MGARP transcriptional activity. A. pGL3-(23 kb) reporter and different doses of ERa expression plasmid were co-transfected into HEK-293T cells to determine the dose-dependent manner of ERa in regulating the MGARP promoter by luciferase assay. B. The functional synergy between Sp1 and ERa was determined by cotransfection of the full-length MGARP promoter (23 kb) or various promoter truncates with or without Sp1 plasmids for Luc assay as indicated. C. The synergystic transactivation activity of ERa and Sp1 under the stimulation of estrogens. The HEK-293T cells were treated with or without 10 nM of estradiol (E2) for 24 hours post transfection of pGL3-(23 kb) and ERa. Subsequently, the Luc assay was performed at 72 hours post transfection. D. Knockdown of Sp1 diminishes the activation function of ERa on MGARP promoter. HEK-293T cells were co-transfected with pGL3-(23 kb) reporter and ERa, together with Sp1-specific RNAi 23727046 (630-RNAi or 1722-RNAi) or control RNAi, in the absence or presence of exogenous Sp1. *** represents p,0.001 and # represents p.0.05 (no significant difference). E. RT-PCR shows that down-regulation of Sp1 with Sp1specific RNAi (630-RNAi or 1722-RNAi) results in a reduction in endogenous MGARP mRNA expression in HEK-293T cells when stimulated by 10 nM E2. The cells were treated with or without 10 nM E2 for 24 hours post transfection and total RNA was harvested at 72 hours post transfection for semiquantitative RT-PCR analysis. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0050053.gMGARP Is Regulated via Tandem Sp1 Elementspromoter activity, it remains possible that the flanking regions also contribute to the transcription of 15755315 the endogenous MGARP gene. As shown in Figure 3, the 23 kb promoter responds to the transfected Sp1 less than the minimal GC-Boxes (2150 bp), indicating that additional factors (or suppressors) may exist in this region and are involved in regulating the MGARP promoter activity. By bioinformatics analysis, we identified multiple chromatin-associated transcriptional factors that potentially bind to the promoter in the flanking regions of the GC-Boxes. The contribution of these proteins to MGARP transcription needs to be verified and may be important. For example, the 23 kb promoter region contains multiple b.Ockout mice exhibit several abnormalities and deficiencies, including phenotypic syndromes that result in infertility in both sexes [36]. More importantly, it has been well-documented that Sp1 and ERa synergistically regulate down-stream gene expression [32,37?9], and their physical interaction enhances Sp1-DNA binding [33]. Our present data demonstrate that estrogen and ERa synergistically enhanced the MGARP promoter activation by Sp1. These findings provide explanations to our reported observations that MGARP was highly enriched in steroidogenic tissues and the neuronal/visual system and that estrogens up-regulate MGARP expression [4,5,7]. The physiological defects that resulted from targeted disruption of the ER gene [36] may be mediated, at least in part, by the deficiency in ER-Sp1 complex formation and reduction in MGARP expression that may cause aberrant steroid hormone synthesis, ultimately leading to diverse animal abnormalities, especially infertility. Although reporter analysis of these two GC boxes indicated a prominent role for the 150-bp proximal region in MGARPMGARP Is Regulated via Tandem Sp1 ElementsFigure 6. ERa up-regulates the transcription of the MGARP promoter and acts in synergy with Sp1 to activate MGARP transcriptional activity. A. pGL3-(23 kb) reporter and different doses of ERa expression plasmid were co-transfected into HEK-293T cells to determine the dose-dependent manner of ERa in regulating the MGARP promoter by luciferase assay. B. The functional synergy between Sp1 and ERa was determined by cotransfection of the full-length MGARP promoter (23 kb) or various promoter truncates with or without Sp1 plasmids for Luc assay as indicated. C. The synergystic transactivation activity of ERa and Sp1 under the stimulation of estrogens. The HEK-293T cells were treated with or 
without 10 nM of estradiol (E2) for 24 hours post transfection of pGL3-(23 kb) and ERa. Subsequently, the Luc assay was performed at 72 hours post transfection. D. Knockdown of Sp1 diminishes the activation function of ERa on MGARP promoter. HEK-293T cells were co-transfected with pGL3-(23 kb) reporter and ERa, together with Sp1-specific RNAi 23727046 (630-RNAi or 1722-RNAi) or control RNAi, in the absence or presence of exogenous Sp1. *** represents p,0.001 and # represents p.0.05 (no significant difference). E. RT-PCR shows that down-regulation of Sp1 with Sp1specific RNAi (630-RNAi or 1722-RNAi) results in a reduction in endogenous MGARP mRNA expression in HEK-293T cells when stimulated by 10 nM E2. The cells were treated with or without 10 nM E2 for 24 hours post transfection and total RNA was harvested at 72 hours post transfection for semiquantitative RT-PCR analysis. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0050053.gMGARP Is Regulated via Tandem Sp1 Elementspromoter activity, it remains possible that the flanking regions also contribute to the transcription of 15755315 the endogenous MGARP gene. As shown in Figure 3, the 23 kb promoter responds to the transfected Sp1 less than the minimal GC-Boxes (2150 bp), indicating that additional factors (or suppressors) may exist in this region and are involved in regulating the MGARP promoter activity. By bioinformatics analysis, we identified multiple chromatin-associated transcriptional factors that potentially bind to the promoter in the flanking regions of the GC-Boxes. The contribution of these proteins to MGARP transcription needs to be verified and may be important. For example, the 23 kb promoter region contains multiple b.