And 22.22 , respectively. The sums of the cell percentages for early- and latestage apoptosis, which are shown in Fig. 3C, were 29.35 for Ad?(ST13)?CEA?E1A(D24), 8.85 for ONYX-015 and 3.9 for mock-infected cells. These data revealed that Ad (ST13)?CEA?E1A(D24) Madecassoside biological activity treatment could efficiently induce cancer cell death by specifically inducing apoptosis.effectively than that treatment with either Ad?(EGFP) CEA?E1A(D24) or ONYX-015. The p38 signal transduction pathway, a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, plays an essential role in regulating many cellular processes, including inflammation, cell differentiation, cell growth and death. In addition, p38 also transduces signals to other cellular components for the execution of various cellular responses. ATF2, a substrate for p38, can form heterodimers with members of the Jun family of transcription factors and can thereby directly associate with the AP-1 binding site [24]. CHOP, a member of the C/EBP family of transcription factors, is also referred to as growth arrest and DNA damageinducible gene 153 (GADD153) and is Rubusoside chemical information involved in the regulation of cell growth and differentiation [25]. As shown in Fig. 4B, the expression of phosphorylated p38 was significantly increased after Ad?(ST13)?CEA?E1A(D24) treatment. Meanwhile, activated p38 increased the level of phosphorylated ATF2 and the expression of CHOP. These results indicated that p38 may be involved in an apoptotic pathway that was induced by the CRC specific oncolytic adenovirus harboring ST13 (CTGVT-CRC). The similar results about apoptosis-related proteins were detected in human colorectal cancer cell lines HCT116. (Fig. S1).Antitumor Efficacy of Ad?(ST13)?CEA?E1A(D24) in Nude MiceThe SW620 xenograft model for human colorectal tumors was established in athymic nude mice to assess the potential antitumor efficacy of Ad?(ST13)?CEA?E1A(D24) in vivo. As shown in Fig. 5A, the tumors grew rapidly in the PBS-treated group, whereas various degrees of tumor growth suppression were observed in the ONYX-015-, Ad?(EGFP)?CEA?E1A(D24)and Ad (ST13)?CEA?E1A(D24)-treated groups. The average volume of the Ad?(ST13)?CEA?E1A(D24)-treated SW620 tumors was approximately 170 mm3 at 30 days after treatment, which represented an increase of only 40?0 mm3 compared with the initial tumor volume of 100?30 mm3. The final tumor volume of the PBS-treated group was approximately 2500 mm3, indicating that there was approximately a 98 tumor growth inhibition rate inApoptosis Detected by Caspase Related EnzymsApoptosis is commonly accompanied by dramatic changes in the levels of caspase-related enzymes and proteins. Previous research had shown that ZD55-ST13 treatment induced apoptosis via the mitochondrial pathway [18]. Therefore, several apoptosisrelated proteins from SW620 cells were analyzed using western blot. As shown in Fig. 4A, the level of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-XL was decreased, which would support the role for mitochondrial apoptosis. In addition, cleaved caspase-9, cleaved caspase-3 and the cleavage of PARP, were all markedly increased in Ad?(ST13)?CEA?E1A(D24)-infected cells. It was clear that Ad?(ST13)?CEA?E1A(D24) treatment induced apoptosis morePotent Antitumor Effect of Ad(ST13)*CEA*E1A(D24)these animals, which would suggest that an almost complete inhibition was observed in the experimentally treated animals. This potent and specific inhibition of CRC using the CTGVTCRC strategy had not previously been reported. Additionally, animal.And 22.22 , respectively. The sums of the cell percentages for early- and latestage apoptosis, which are shown in Fig. 3C, were 29.35 for Ad?(ST13)?CEA?E1A(D24), 8.85 for ONYX-015 and 3.9 for mock-infected cells. These data revealed that Ad (ST13)?CEA?E1A(D24) treatment could efficiently induce cancer cell death by specifically inducing apoptosis.effectively than that treatment with either Ad?(EGFP) CEA?E1A(D24) or ONYX-015. The p38 signal transduction pathway, a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, plays an essential role in regulating many cellular processes, including inflammation, cell differentiation, cell growth and death. In addition, p38 also transduces signals to other cellular components for the execution of various cellular responses. ATF2, a substrate for p38, can form heterodimers with members of the Jun family of transcription factors and can thereby directly associate with the AP-1 binding site [24]. CHOP, a member of the C/EBP family of transcription factors, is also referred to as growth arrest and DNA damageinducible gene 153 (GADD153) and is involved in the regulation of cell growth and differentiation [25]. As shown in Fig. 4B, the expression of phosphorylated p38 was significantly increased after Ad?(ST13)?CEA?E1A(D24) treatment. Meanwhile, activated p38 increased the level of phosphorylated ATF2 and the expression of CHOP. These results indicated that p38 may be involved in an apoptotic pathway that was induced by the CRC specific oncolytic adenovirus harboring ST13 (CTGVT-CRC). The similar results about apoptosis-related proteins were detected in human colorectal cancer cell lines HCT116. (Fig. S1).Antitumor Efficacy of Ad?(ST13)?CEA?E1A(D24) in Nude MiceThe SW620 xenograft model for human colorectal tumors was established in athymic nude mice to assess the potential antitumor efficacy of Ad?(ST13)?CEA?E1A(D24) in vivo. As shown in Fig. 5A, the tumors grew rapidly in the PBS-treated group, whereas various degrees of tumor growth suppression were observed in the ONYX-015-, Ad?(EGFP)?CEA?E1A(D24)and Ad (ST13)?CEA?E1A(D24)-treated groups. The average volume of the Ad?(ST13)?CEA?E1A(D24)-treated SW620 tumors was approximately 170 mm3 at 30 days after treatment, which represented an increase of only 40?0 mm3 compared with the initial tumor volume of 100?30 mm3. The final tumor volume of the PBS-treated group was approximately 2500 mm3, indicating that there was approximately a 98 tumor growth inhibition rate inApoptosis Detected by Caspase Related EnzymsApoptosis is commonly accompanied by dramatic changes in the levels of caspase-related enzymes and proteins. Previous research had shown that ZD55-ST13 treatment induced apoptosis via the mitochondrial pathway [18]. Therefore, several apoptosisrelated proteins from SW620 cells were analyzed using western blot. As shown in Fig. 4A, the level of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-XL was decreased, which would support the role for mitochondrial apoptosis. In addition, cleaved caspase-9, cleaved caspase-3 and the cleavage of PARP, were all markedly increased in Ad?(ST13)?CEA?E1A(D24)-infected cells. It was clear that Ad?(ST13)?CEA?E1A(D24) treatment induced apoptosis morePotent Antitumor Effect of Ad(ST13)*CEA*E1A(D24)these animals, which would suggest that an almost complete inhibition was observed in the experimentally treated animals. This potent and specific inhibition of CRC using the CTGVTCRC strategy had not previously been reported. Additionally, animal.