N the present study is that 6week aerobic exercise significantly reversed the high expression level of Fabp4 in the skeletal muscle of IR mice. Fabp4 protein is abundantly expressed in a tissue-specific manner, and it was originally identified as an adipocyte- and macrophage-specific protein [31] that is capable of binding a variety of hydrophobic ligands, such as long-chain fatty acids, eicosanoids, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins [32,33]. However, recent studies suggest it may be more widely expressed, such as in the endothelial cells of heart and kidney, plasma, skeletal muscle and other types of cells [34?36]. Numerous investigations reveal that Fabp4 plays an important role in maintaining glucose and lipid homeostasis [37,38]. Deficiency of Fabp4 has been correlated with a lack of insulin sensitivity in obese mice [39]. Fabp4 is especially protective against diet-induced IR [40]. Fabp4 plasma concentration was also reported to be increased with the 22948146 early presence of metabolic syndrome in 
humans [41]. Exercise training with weight loss induced a significant decrease in plasma Fabp4 Castanospermine web levels in obese women [42]. However, most studies regarding the association between Fabp4 and obesity/IR have focused on the serum or adipocyte rather than skeletal muscle Fabp4; the exact mechanisms by which Fabp4 regulates different 1655472 biological functions in skeletal muscle are not well understood. Our results showed that aerobic exercise decreased the abundance of Fabp4 protein in the insulin resistant skeletal muscle. Improved plasma lipid profile with the reduction in plasma TG and TC levels were also observed. Therefore, down-expression of Fabp4 in skeletal muscle is believed to play an important role in fatty acid metabolism and theSkeletal Muscle Proteome Responses to ExerciseFigure 6. Relative abundance of the 2D gels and immunoblots. Results are means 6 SEM (n = 6, each group). *: p,0.05 HFD control (HC) vs. normal chow (NC); #: p,0.05 HFD exercise (HE) vs. HFD control (HC). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0053887.gavoidance of intramyocyte lipotoxicity, which is a main cause of IR in skeletal muscle. The present findings also show changes in the abundance of myofibrillar contraction, namely MedChemExpress 256373-96-3 Trim72 and myosin heavy chain IIb. Trim72 is specifically expressed in the plasma membrane of skeletal muscle and plays a critical role in membrane repair response to acute muscle injury [43]. Although the role of Trim72 in muscle adaptation to aerobic exercise is not fully understood, Trim72 negatively regulates myogenesis by fortifying IgF-Imediated IRS-1 activation in C2C12 cell during muscle differentiation [44]. Our results show that Trim72 protein expression significantly decreased after 6-week aerobic exercise, while myosin heavy chain IIb and actin expression significantly increased in skeletal muscle, indicating that exercise training may enhance skeletal muscle mass via regulation of the expression of Trim72. Thus, Trim72 could be a useful therapeutic target in obesity, IR, and T2DM because insulin sensitivity and glucose uptake is highly increased in the enhanced skeletal muscle.Supporting InformationFigure S1 Selected proteins from 2-DE were confirmedby immunoblot analysis. More data regarding the protein expression levels of Trim72, Myh4, Skeletal Muscle Actin (SM Actin), Hsp25 and Fabp4 analyzed by western blot were shown; btubulin was used as an internal control for loading. (TIF)Table S1 List of identified protein by LC-MS/MS or MALDI-TOF/MS (NC and.N the present study is that 6week aerobic exercise significantly reversed the high expression level of Fabp4 in the skeletal muscle of IR mice. Fabp4 protein is abundantly expressed in a tissue-specific manner, and it was originally identified as an adipocyte- and macrophage-specific protein [31] that is capable of binding a variety of hydrophobic ligands, such as long-chain fatty acids, eicosanoids, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins [32,33]. However, recent studies suggest it may be more widely expressed, such as in the endothelial cells of heart and kidney, plasma, skeletal muscle and other types of cells [34?36]. Numerous investigations reveal that Fabp4 plays an important role in maintaining glucose and lipid homeostasis [37,38]. Deficiency of Fabp4 has been correlated with a lack of insulin sensitivity in obese mice [39]. Fabp4 is especially protective against diet-induced IR [40]. Fabp4 plasma concentration was also reported to be increased with the 22948146 early presence of metabolic syndrome in humans [41]. Exercise training with weight loss induced a significant decrease in plasma Fabp4 levels in obese women [42]. However, most studies regarding the association between Fabp4 and obesity/IR have focused on the serum or adipocyte rather than skeletal muscle Fabp4; the exact mechanisms by which Fabp4 regulates different 1655472 biological functions in skeletal muscle are not well understood. Our results showed that aerobic exercise decreased the abundance of Fabp4 protein in the insulin resistant skeletal muscle. Improved plasma lipid profile with the reduction in plasma TG and TC levels were also observed. Therefore, down-expression of Fabp4 in skeletal muscle is believed to play an important role in fatty acid metabolism and theSkeletal Muscle Proteome Responses to ExerciseFigure 6. Relative abundance of the 2D gels and immunoblots. Results are means 6 SEM (n = 6, each group). *: p,0.05 HFD control (HC) vs. normal chow (NC); #: p,0.05 HFD exercise (HE) vs. HFD control (HC). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0053887.gavoidance of intramyocyte lipotoxicity, which is a main cause of IR in skeletal muscle. The present findings also show changes in the abundance of myofibrillar contraction, namely Trim72 
and myosin heavy chain IIb. Trim72 is specifically expressed in the plasma membrane of skeletal muscle and plays a critical role in membrane repair response to acute muscle injury [43]. Although the role of Trim72 in muscle adaptation to aerobic exercise is not fully understood, Trim72 negatively regulates myogenesis by fortifying IgF-Imediated IRS-1 activation in C2C12 cell during muscle differentiation [44]. Our results show that Trim72 protein expression significantly decreased after 6-week aerobic exercise, while myosin heavy chain IIb and actin expression significantly increased in skeletal muscle, indicating that exercise training may enhance skeletal muscle mass via regulation of the expression of Trim72. Thus, Trim72 could be a useful therapeutic target in obesity, IR, and T2DM because insulin sensitivity and glucose uptake is highly increased in the enhanced skeletal muscle.Supporting InformationFigure S1 Selected proteins from 2-DE were confirmedby immunoblot analysis. More data regarding the protein expression levels of Trim72, Myh4, Skeletal Muscle Actin (SM Actin), Hsp25 and Fabp4 analyzed by western blot were shown; btubulin was used as an internal control for loading. (TIF)Table S1 List of identified protein by LC-MS/MS or MALDI-TOF/MS (NC and.