Distinct dimensions of trait empathy: empathic concern (EC), perspective taking (PT
Different dimensions of trait empathy: empathic concern (EC), point of view taking (PT), personal distress (PD) and fantasy (FS) [9,20]. The IRI has been validated in a Swedish context [50], even 
though the fourfactor structure could not be replicated. As an alternative, EC formed one particular issue and PT, PD and FS collectively formed a further aspect. Because of this, we’ve got not analysed differences among IRI MK5435 supplier subscales. Two participants had been excluded on this measure mainly because they had a big and nonrandom variety of missing things (owing to failing to turn over the web page). 1 additional item response was missing, and it was imputed primarily based around the mean with the subscale.two.4.2. Toronto alexithymia scale20 (TAS20)The TAS20 measures alexithymia, a construct believed to represent troubles in identifying and describing one’s own emotions. It has 3 subscales: difficulty identifying feelings, difficulty describing feelings and externally oriented thinking [5]. We analysed only total scores. The scale has been validated in Swedish [52]. Four participants have been excluded on this measure for failing to respond to a large variety of the products. A single extra item response was missing, and it was imputed primarily based around the imply of the subscale.two.4.three. Statetrait anxiety inventoryThe statetrait anxiety inventory (STAI) has a state as well as a trait subscale [53]. We applied a nonvalidated Swedish translation with which we have considerable experience, and which may be discovered in [54]. The state subscale (S) was administered ahead of the experiment, then again at the finish of the experiment. For the trait subscale (T), four participants each and every PubMed ID:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25473311 missed 1 item. These data have been imputed applying the typical of the remaining things, rounded for the nearest integer. For the state subscale, two participants were not administered the scale the second time. 1 participant gave 3 illegible responses and 3 participants each missed one particular item. Imputation was performed applying the typical from the remaining things.2.4.4. Psychopathy character inventoryrevisedThe psychopathy personality inventoryrevised (PPIR) assesses psychopathic traits [55,56]. It contains eight content material scales, which have been organized into a twofactor structure, encompassing the aspects fearless dominance (FD; reflecting social poise, fearlessness and stress immunity) and selfcentred impulsivity (SCI; reflecting impulsivity, irresponsibility and egocentricity). It also includes a subscale specifically reflecting lack of empathy (coldheartedness, C), which usually doesn’t load very on either factor. The Swedish version on the PPIR has been validated based partly around the data collected in this study [57]. Missing responses were imputed primarily based around the mean for each subscale [58] in participants (7.five ). Three participants had high scores around the inconsistent responding subscale (higher than or equal to 45) and have been excluded from analyses.Table . Characteristics of participants. Means and normal deviations are offered, unless otherwise indicated. Information refer to participants included in either with the two experiments. In parentheses on the n row will be the numbers included for emotional mimicry and for empathy for pain, respectively. See Material and procedures section for abbreviations of rating scales. wave placebo n eight (six, 7) 3 (72 ) age (median, range) IRIEC 20 (88) oxazepam 9 (9, 9) 6 (84 ) 2 (87) wave 2 placebo 7 (3, six) 22 (84) (65 ) oxazepam 22 (20, 22) 23.5 (eight) 8 (82 )rsos.royalsocietypublishing.org R. Soc. open sci. four:…………………