D David (HOM strain) (Tables ).Based on the virulence levels observed
D David (HOM strain) (Tables ).Depending on the virulence levels observed in Round and Round , we chose H.indica (HOM), S.carpocapsae (Sal), S.feltiae (SN), S.kraussei and S.riobrave for additional study in Round .In Round , at d posttreatment, S.feltiae (SN) was the only remedy that brought on a reduction in C.nenuphar survival relative to the manage at C, and S.feltiae (SN) and S.riobrave were the only remedies that triggered reduce C.nenuphar survival than the manage at C (no differences have been detected at C) (Table ; Fig).At d posttreatment (in Round) S.feltiae (SN) was the only therapy that reduced C.nenuphar survival compared with all the handle at C and C (Table ; Fig).At C all therapies triggered decrease C.nenuphar survival than the control and no variations were detected amongst the nematode strains and species (Table ; PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21317800 Fig).Assessment of nematode virulence inside the WV (clay loam) soil Differences in virulence were detected inside the WV soil at all 3 temperatures (Tables ; Figs.).In Journal of Nematology, Volume , Nos September ecember a single case C.nenuphar survival (at d posttreatment) was larger at C than at C, i.e in the S.riobrave (TP) treatment Round WV soil.DISCUSSION Substantial variations in virulence to C.nenuphar larvae had been observed amongst nematode species.Related to our study, diverse virulence responses have already been observed amongst nematode species and strains in laboratory screening studies targeting other weevil species including the sweetpotato weevil, Cylas formicarius (F), (Mannion and Jansson,), Diaprepes root weevil, Diaprepes abbreviatus (L), (Shapiro and McCoy,), as well as the guava weevil, Conotrachelus psidii Marshall, (Dolinski et al).Our results indicated that S.feltiae (SN), S.riobrave and S.rarum (C E) possess especially high levels of virulence mainly because these nematodes distinguished themselves relative to other nematodes within a quantity of comparisons which includes Round (the “best candidate” assay).These findings are in corroboration with those of ShapiroIlan et al. in that S.feltiae (SN), S.riobrave also exhibited superior laboratory virulence to C nenuphar larvae within the prior study (S.rarum was not tested in the earlier study).Having said that, in contrast towards the final results of ShapiroIlan et al several species exhibited pathogenicity within the present but not the former, i.e H.bacteriophora, H.megidis, and S.carpocapsae; the discrepancy is probably as a consequence of the exposure period inside the former study becoming restricted to d (the species were also not pathogenic at d posttreatment in the present study).The present study expands substantially on preceding laboratory screenings for C.nenuphar virulence.Our study included four previously untested nematode species (H.indica, H.georgiana, S.kraussei, and S.rarum) at the same time as F16 SDS numerous previously untested strains, e.g H.bacteriophora (Oswego and Vs strains), S.riobrave ( and TP strains), and S.carpocapsae (Sal strain).As well as S.rarum (C E), numerous the other previously untested nematodes exhibited promising levels of virulence and may possibly warrant further study which includes H.indica (HOM strain), H.bacteriophora (Oswego strain), S.kraussei, and S.carpocapsae (Sal strain).Temperature impacted nematode virulence to C.nenuphar larvae.Inside the assays that contained independent main effects (and permitted for statistical analysis of temperature across therapies), C.nenuphar survival decreased as temperature increased.Additionally, when temperature effects were analyzed by treatment C.nenuphar survival w.