Thefraction in Righetti et al. grasses). suggested involvement of in lipophilic phenolic bran layer (e.g., pericarp, testa, and in wheat. The contamination, rye (0.1.three of sum of DON and mycotoxin accumulation aleurone layers) of wheat and expressed as the dry weight) [117]. Alkylresorcinols can also be located in to become considerably reduced in popular in the rice deoxynivalenol 3-glucoside, was located rice, although not inside the edible parts wheat and plant [118]. They’re durum wheat, and einkorn, component of cereal grain trend make white spelt than in emmer,present in the endosperm (the while following theused to hexaploid flour) only diploid species. The mycotoxins content negatively correlated with be total tetraploid in exceptionally low amounts, which indicates that alkylresorcinols canthe applied as biomarkers for folks the consume foods containing (AR21:0 is 5-n-heneicosylresorcinol, 5-n-alkylresorcinols, and who AR21:0/AR23:0 ratiowholegrain wheat and rye in lieu of cereal the saturated hydrocarbon flour attached to position a study by Ziegler et al. [53] exactly where solutions based upon white chain [54,119]. Similarly, in5 of resorcinol consists of 21 bread wheat (761 92 is g-1 DM) and spelt (743 57 mg -1) belonging and hexaploid carbon atoms; AR23:0mg 5-n-tricosylresorcinol getting 23gcarbon atoms to theno double – species showed was not too long ago reported by Righetti et al. [56] as an 48 mg of 1 , p 0.05), bonds, Guggulsterone web Figure four)larger AR levels than did the tetraploid durum (654indicator g antifungal -1) and also the tetraploid emmer while the levels identified inside the that only the lipophilic phenolic activity. Their final results suggestdiploid einkorn (737 91 mg g fraction in wheat exerts an – (697 94 impact 1) mycotoxin accumulation from inhibitory mg g ondid not differ significantly[56]. these in the other species.Figure four. Thiacetazone References Structure of 5-n-Alkylresorcinols identified in wheat grains: 5-n-heptadecylresorcinol Figure four. Structure of 5-n-Alkylresorcinols identified in wheat grains: 5-n-heptadecylresorcinol (C17:0), 5-n-nonadecylresorcinol (C19:0), 5-n-heneicosylresorcinol (C21:0), 5-n-tricosylresorcinol (C17:0), 5-n-nonadecylresorcinol (C19:0), 5-n-heneicosylresorcinol (C21:0), 5-n-tricosylresorcinol (C23:0), 5-pentacosylresorcinol (C25:0). (C23:0), 5-pentacosylresorcinol (C25:0).4.2. Benzoxazinoids The principal phytoanticipin in wheat and corn is 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one (DIMBOA, Figure five). For the extraction of benzoxazinoids, 70 methanol coupled with accelerated extraction method is generally utilized, since it is described by Kowalska and Kowalczyk [120]. DIMBOA accumulation isAgronomy 2021, 11,12 ofAlkylresorcinols are extracted by acetone, methanol, or mixture methanol/methyl-tert. butyl ether (MeOH/MTBE, 1:1, v/v), ethyl acetate or n-hexane [53]. Landberg [54] employed diethyl ether and methanol, while Suzuki et al. [118] employed 10 MeOH/CHCl3 . Righetti et al. [56] have recommended involvement in the lipophilic phenolic fraction in mycotoxin accumulation in wheat. The contamination, expressed because the sum of DON and deoxynivalenol 3-glucoside, was discovered to become substantially reduced in frequent wheat and spelt than in emmer, durum wheat, and einkorn, when following the trend hexaploid tetraploid diploid species. The mycotoxins content material negatively correlated using the total 5-n-alkylresorcinols, along with the AR21:0/AR23:0 ratio (AR21:0 is 5-n-heneicosylresorcinol, exactly where the saturated hydrocarbon chain attached to position five of resorcinol consists of 21 carbon atoms; AR23:0 is 5-n-.