Cesses, and consequently their therapeutic targets need to be distinct. Ictogenesis describes the processes of transition from the interictal state to a seizure, whereas epileptogenesis is the procedure by which a particular group or neuronal circuit becomes hyperexcitable, being able to spontaneously create epileptic seizures. Advances inside the information on the genetics and pathophysiology of some precise illnesses connected with epilepsy have led towards the improvement of specific remedies for some syndromes, such as everolimus in tuberous sclerosis complex [103] or lysosomal enzyme replacement in neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis [104]. Nonetheless, and specifically in adult-onset epilepsy, you’ll find still quite a few varieties of epilepsy and epileptic GSK2646264 custom synthesis syndromes of which the distinct etiopathogenesis is unknown, and thus you can find at the moment no particular therapeutic agents for those groups of individuals. Interestingly, the possible bidirectional association of epilepsy and neurodegenerative processes opens the door for the development of new molecular targets that could potentially let modifying the PHA-543613 Biological Activity course of epilepsy. Though some ASDs have already been shown to have possible antiepileptogenic properties in animal models, such effects haven’t been confirmed in larger clinical research [105]. Furthermore, a possible antiepileptogenic effect of numerous approved drugs, including atorvastatin, ceftriaxone, losartan, isoflurane, N-acetylcysteine, anakinra, rapamycin, and fingolimod, has been described in animal models [10612]. Although the repositioning of these drugs could represent an eye-catching alternative in some precise etiologies, these outcomes have not been confirmed by clinical trials [113]. This effect might be explained by the truth that most experimental studies on epileptogenesis have already been strongly influenced by the kindling model, as well as the proof supporting the existence of kindling in humans is controversial [114]. Most of these research are primarily based on post-traumatic or post-stroke epilepsy, which represents the archetype of epileptogenesis secondary to identifiable acquired brainPharmaceuticals 2021, 14,15 ofinjury. It’s most likely that the wide range of etiologies, along with the almost certainly various mechanisms of epileptogenesis in other epilepsy syndromes, could possibly have contributed towards the troubles in translating preclinical studies into clinical trials [113]. 4. Antiseizure Drugs in Neurodegenerative Diseases Because of the molecular links in between epilepsy along with other neurodegenerative illnesses, different studies happen to be carried out to evaluate the therapeutic possible of anticonvulsant drugs in these pathologies and the therapeutic method to epilepsy as a comorbidity. The wide wide variety of anticonvulsant drugs and their different mechanisms of action have positioned this group of drugs as pretty interesting candidates for those pathologies on the central nervous technique with an uncertain origin or an inefficient out there treatment. Nonetheless, the potential neuroprotective part of these drugs in these pathologies remains unknown. 4.1. ASDs in Alzheimer’s Illness In AD, some authors have tried to elucidate the pharmacological potential of ASDs inside the pathological improvement of AD. By way of example, the analysis group of Dr. Mucke evaluated the impact of chronic remedy of levetiracetam (LEV) within the hAPP mice model, which has abnormally high amounts of human A and displays abnormal neuronal network activity and epileptic seizures [115]. The authors discovered t.