. Discussion four. Discussion TheThe structure of host host exoskeleton, particularly the composition of lipids present structure on the the exoskeleton, particularly the composition of lipids present on the on the cuticle, to become a major a significant aspect figuring out the susceptibility or resistance of cuticle, appears appears to become factor determining the susceptibility or resistance of insect insect species to C. coronatus CA XII Inhibitor supplier infection [31,346,46,61]. Researchhas shown the larvae species to C. coronatus infection [31,346,46,61]. Analysis on C. vicina on C. vicina has shown the larvae to fungal infection soon after exposure to sporulating fungal colonies; on the other hand, to be resistantto be resistant to fungal infection following exposure to sporulating fungal colonies; on the other hand, coronatus conidia resulted in one hundred mortality in 24 h. The flies 24 h. The flies injection of C.injection of C. coronatus conidia resulted in 100 mortality in exposed towards the exposed for the fungus did not indicators of fungal penetration via the fly cuticle, nor the fungus did not demonstrate any demonstrate any signs of fungal penetration throughany fly cuticle, nor any modifications towards the internal organs, nor any mobilization of haemocytes changes to the internal organs, nor any mobilization of haemocytes to eradicate the fungal to remove the fungal pathogen; in contrast, those conidia with C. profound damage pathogen; in contrast, these injected with C. coronatus injected suffered coronatus conidia suffered profound damage towards the internal organs. Hence, in these Dipteran flies, inside the to the internal organs. Therefore, in these Dipteran flies, it seems that a pivotal roleit appears that a to fungal infection was played by the cuticle [62]; this really is supported by additional resistancepivotal function in the resistance to fungal infection was played by the cuticle [62]; this can be supported by vicina observations that cuticles larvae have G. mellonella or D. pini, observations that C.furtherlarvae have thicker C. vicina than these ofthicker cuticles than those of are also a lot more D. pini, which are also much more susceptible part of cuticular FFAs inside the whichG. mellonella or susceptible to fungal infection [62]. The to fungal infection [62]. The role of cuticular FFAs within the resistance to fungal infection by C. vicina, D. pini, and G. mellonella resistance to fungal infection by C. vicina, D. pini, and G. mellonella larvae is also described larvae can also be described by Gol biowski et al. [31]. by Golbiowski et al. [31]. e Our findings indicate that effects of of C. coronatus exposure on S. argyrostoma vary Our findings indicate that the the effectsC. coronatus exposure on S. argyrostoma vary significantly among developmental BRD4 Inhibitor drug stages, with pupae becoming resistant to infection considerably amongst developmental stages, with pupae becoming resistant to infection andand adults being susceptible. This outcome is constant with previous research of other flies from adults being susceptible. This result is constant with preceding research of other flies fromInsects 2021, 12,16 ofthe order Diptera, such as C. vomitoria, C. vicina, L. sericata, and M. domestica [32,34,41,61,62]. Even though there was no apparent sign of infection on the cuticle with the S. argyrostoma imagines, studies have shown a considerable mortality price of adult flies. Assuming that the adult flies were licking the sporulating fungus throughout the present study, it is probably that the route of infection was by ingestion of fungal spores, which would promptly germinate i