For example remote healthcare services, on line gaming, interactive GNF6702 Cancer E-learning, dwelling video editing, and next-generation 3D Television. However, the NG-PON deployment demands considerable initial investments. An instance of this can be understood from the greenfield FTTH technique deployment. It has been observed that in between 70 and 76 on the total network investments are incurred within the ODN setup. Consequently, the network operators need to have to optimize their investment by leveraging the current ODNs. Additionally, when the existing GPON method is compatible with all the evolving NG-PON, the operators could make one of the most from the ODNs [402,411].Appl. Sci. 2021, 11,68 ofTable 12. Comparison of possible transport network options for FWA.Answer Optical Cholesteryl sulfate Epigenetic Reader Domain systems Committed fiber TWDM-PON (i.e., GE-PON, XG-PON, and NG-PON2) WDM-PON (i.e., WS-WDM-PON, WR-WDM-PON) Uncomplicated as further equipment will not be required Colorized SFPs aren’t required Employs low-cost optics Supports high capacity and low latency use situations Relative low-cost prospective Enhanced fiber capacity with various channels per fiber Capability for program reuse amongst FTTH and FWA shoppers Dedicated solution for RAN transport where ODN deployment can be adapted for the preferred RAN deployment Enhanced fiber capacity with a number of channels per fiber Demands fiber-rich deployment Poor scalability Uneconomical for specific centralized deployments [5,eight,11,47,143,371, 372,376,384,387] Benefits Limitations ReferenceLimitation in the supported capacity and low-latency services[5,8,11,25,47,143,371, 372,376,387]Limitation in reusing the existing FTTH infrastructure Potential concerns for future migration of consumers to FTTH in which separate ODN is going to be expected Conventional situation low fan-out limits the will need for DWDM (i.e., CWDM is appropriate) Higher associated footprint and costs of ODN filters[5,eight,11,25,47,143,371, 372,376,387]PtP WDM overlay (i.e., NG-PON2) Active systems Ethernet (i.e., CPRI over Ethernet), OTNPotential reuse of your current fiber plant for providing PtP transport option. Supports high capacity and low latency Potential reuse in the existing infrastructure Acceptable for active network deployment Native OAM and FEC Colored SFPs no needed in the DUs Gives native protection Enhanced scalability Economical Flexible deployment Delivers lower deployment cost than fiber resolution Can complement fiber-based technologies Flexible deployment Cost-effective resolution in areas where fiber just isn’t available[5,eight,11,25,47,143,371, 372,376,387]High power consumption (added electronics) RAN split selections are practically restricted by the deployed active equipment High footprint (cooling) Concerns on method efficiency (latency, synchronization)[5,11,25,47,143,371, 372,376,384,387]Wireless systems LTE, 5G Shared spectrum between the access and transport More spectrum needed Distance restricted Susceptible to weather conditions Distance limited LoS constraint limits network equipment placement [5,11,47,143,371,372, 376,387]MW, FSO[5,11,47,143,376,378]Furthermore, aside from the method compatibility, distinctive PON schemes’ coexistence is highly crucial. This implies that network investment also can be optimized when the existing ODNs are shared among unique PON technologies. In this context, an existing GPON-based network that demands an upgrade to help revolutionary FTTx broadband access services can coexist with other PON schemes like XGS-PON and NG-PON2. This could be achieved when a coexistence ele.